Leading Change Strategically Essay

Theoretical Though change doesn't cause remodel, all enhancements require alteration. The capacity to create, test, and actualize changes are significant for a particular, gathering, or association that needs to consistently improve. There are numerous sorts of changes that will bring about remodel, yet these specific changes create from a set number of progress standards. A change thought is an essential idea or way to deal with modify that, which has been seen as helpful in creating explicit thoughts for changes that bring about redesign. John Kotter takes note of an eight-advance procedure to change. This account gives a top to bottom survey of Charlotte Beers and how she picked up trust of those at Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide while CEO, and utilized that trust to turn interior and outer authoritative difficulties. Utilizing Kotter’s eight-steps when cultivating change, this account intently audits the ideas and how Beers applied the means to create change inside the 6th biggest public izing organization on the planet. Charlotte Beers At Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide Desire to move quickly Lagers was delegated CEO of Ogilvy and Mather (Ogilvy and Mather) Worldwide in April 1992 to pivot the beset promoting office (Levin, 1992, p. 2). Ogilvy and Mather was losing piece of the pie and the inside administration was accomplishing more in battling than moving the association in turning into the main publicizing organization. Employing Beers was key in getting the association in good shape, utilizing a few of Kotter’s change steps in doing as such. Begat as somebody who is outside to the association, Beers was an inconsistency as she picked as a pioneer who was delegated from outside, that, which was not normal. Most senior pioneers inside Ogilvy and Mather were advanced from inside. In the wake of losing significant battles from Unilever and Shell Oil Company, certain change was inescapable, however ignorant in how to grasp (Levins, 1992, p. 7). Additional battle misfortunes influenced the New York office and guided this inability to the most senior individual inside the association. A significant purge occurred in 1999, when CEO, Phillips ventured down as the senior chief, and without precedent for history and individual outside the organization was designated. With a solid history going before her, Beers’ earlier triumphs while COO of Tatham-Lair and Kuder, if skill required for Ogilvy and Mather. To be fruitful, Beers would need to infuse a desire to move quickly (Kotter, 2002) by remote the vision of the association. Brew realized that change would be simpler if individuals at Ogilvy and Mather wanted the change and propelled in getting it going. Brews expected to use viable correspondence and manufacture a directing alliance who could help move that vision to the front line. Lagers was answerable for imbuing her vision, while as yet leading her administrative and vital undertakings for pushing the association ahead. Lagers would need to construct another association structure, which overseeing governmental issues and keeping eyes on Ogilvy and Mather’s strategic vision. Key in her methodology, Beers expected to carry into line the association with Ogilvy and Mather’s vision. Kotter accentuation, having a need to keep moving is the initial step when executing change (Kotter, 1992). Getting her message to all interior Ogilvy and Mather partners, Beers needed one single, clear message that presented desires while requesting help and in picking up purchase in from staff and other authoritative pioneers. Her first exertion was utilizing mixed media to making a reasonable message that she required there help, while as yet molding Ogilvy and Mather’s future. Beer’s realism and receptiveness was genuine by the majority. Brews expected to shape a believable directing alliance and agent the power to them to work over the association (Kotter, 1992). When Beers applied these initial steps effectively, she could guide her attention on the third step of the model in building up a change vision and procedure. Associations at times hurry through this progression too rapidly. At the point when done effectively, in any case, it expects time to get a change vision and procedure right (Kotter, 2002). Directing Coalition Brews built up herself as a pioneer, and made chance to meet with every senior official to hear concerns and how they considered the impendingâ changes. She chose her â€Å"guiding coalition† dependent on those prepared for the test (Ibarra, 2011). She chose her basic senior administration group by meeting with them one-on-one to survey their loyalty to Ogilvy and Mather, and eventually to her. Guaranteeing that her group mirrored the whole association, made out of masterful and the board centered ability. Persuading Ogilvy and Mather’s key individuals was critical in making Beer’s alliance, based upon the earnestness and force (Phillips, 2012, p. 496). Ogilvy and Mather’s old methods of doing things was characteristic of routine practices. These propensities were normal stable examples of levels that got daily practice and would set aside some effort to change for the bombing advert mammoth. Brew realized authoritative change included both envisioned and unforeseen changes in Ogilvy and Mather’s force and impact structure. While a portion of the pioneers may discover their impact or force expanded, and others discovered theirs diminished because of Beer’s changes. Honey bee managed false impressions because of correspondence obstructions, penetrated absence of responsibility during the earlier leadership’s residency. Getting the Vision Right Brews found a way to hearing her partners concerns while giving a listening ear. These conversation gatherings furnished Beers with data that would help in getting the vision right. Lagers didn't keep the standard old method of getting things done, however sanctioned new lines of correspondence. She furnished the budgetary network with investigation that was altogether different from her forerunners. Brews demonstrated to financial specialists where Ogilvy and Mather could turn into the publicizing organization of decision; as they used to be. She fortified her mantra by painting an away from to financial specialists of Ogilvy and Mather’s heavenly work. Painting an unmistakable vision to the majority was critical to Beers, despite the fact that she was all the while working it out. She spoke to the enthusiastic side of workers and pioneers, which built up linkage and responsibility. Lagers expected to get the group to build up a basic vision and technique. She concentrated on the passionate and imaginative angles important to drive administration and proficiency (Kotter International, 2013). This progression implied expelling Ogilvy and Mather’s old things as they were. For Beers to get the vision right, she expected to esteem what were Ogilvy and Mather’s qualities, and why they were basic to the change when executing the vision. Impart for Buy-in Partner gatherings over the United States were hard for Beers, particularly the one in Vienna. There were character conflicts, and each gathering appeared to almost end the vision before picking up footing. Beer’s steadiness and tirelessness produced the vision Ogilvy and Mather expected to fix the harmed brought about by an impasse of progress. Building up Beer’s vision was troublesome as each gathering finished up. Ogilvy wanted to be the notice office of decision by the entirety of the Fortuned 500 firms. Lagers tended to her pioneers by becoming more acquainted with them and painting an image that would engage their interests. Daniel Goleman notes six fluctuating administration styles, when applied to association structures include: visionary, training pioneer, partner, law based, pace-setting advertisement ordering (Primal Leadership, 2004). Lagers received just three of these styles; vote based, legitimate, and coercive. With the most immediate methodology, Beers regularly utilized coercive administration, which adds up to whatever the supervisor asks; they get. While her legitimate methodology manages self-governance while driving people toward aggregate objectives. Brews realized she needed to proceed with caution with this style, as Ogilvy and Mather had not yet settled from confusion. Lagers realized she needed to get joined with the nay-says that was giving the changes, the most resistance. While in a gathering in Westchester, New York, Beers influence the crowd to pick up agreement on Ogilvy and Mather’s strategic vision. In spite of the fact that she was reluctant in having this gathering, she consented to have another gathering with a bigger crowd. Using fluctuating administration styles, gave Beers trust during an alternate time of progress for Ogilvy and Mather. Her capacity to explore during such a difficult time furnished Beers with the validity expected to excite the association. References Promoting Age. (n.d.). Publicizing Age AdAge Encyclopedia RSS. Recovered November 3, 2013, from http://adage.com/article/proverb reference book/tatham-laird/98897/Can Charlotte Beers restore O&M?; Frustrated Sorrell seen as power behind organization mix. Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis and Annie McKee, Primal Leadership, HBS Press, 2004 Advertising Age, Retrieved from Ogilvy and Mather.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic. Kotter, J., and Cohen, D., (2002). The core of progress: genuine accounts of how individuals change their associations. Boston: Harvard Business School. Kotter, J. and Rathgeber, Ogilvy and Mather. (2005). Our icy mass is dissolving. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Ibarra, Ogilvy and Mather., and Sackley, N. (2011, September 21). Books, Cases, Articles, Audio, and More †¦. Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide (B). Recovered November 3, 2013, from http://hbr.org/item/charlotte-lagers at-ogilvy-mather-around the world b/a/495032-PDF-ENG Kotter, J. (n.d.). Stage 1 Kotter International †The 8 Step Process †Step 1. Kotter Internat ional †Innovative Strategy Implementation Professionals. Recovered October 19, 2013, from http://Ogilvy and Mather.kotterinternational.com/our-standards/changesteps/step-1 Phillips, J

Is There Still a Need to Timestamp Your Blog

Whatever the objectives of your blog, there are numerous components that can influence its adequacy. Aside from the real nature of your substance, there’s a significant detail that frequently gets disregarded: the timestamp. A few web journals incorporate one and others don’t. However, what’s the correct choice for your blog? To Date or Not to Date? HubSpot, Moz, TechCrunch, Mashable and Business Insider all show the dates on their blog entries. In any case, on the off chance that you just maintain an independent company blog, does it truly make a difference whether you show the date or not? The short answer is †it depends. There are different advantages of including distribution dates on your blog entries. Urgently, it shows perusers that the data they’re perusing is cutting-edge, along these lines, still applicable. This is significant, particularly if they’re exploring the best item accessible or searching for drifting news. Put another way, the nonappearance of dates could ruin the believability of your substance and cause numerous perusers to not peruse your substance. Nonetheless, this doesn’t imply that dates are consistently the most ideal approach. There’s regularly a bias against data that seems, by all accounts, to be â€Å"old† and, even with evergreen substance, an old date may make a few guests see your substance as obsolete data and excuse it. So dates can be acceptable and terrible. What Do Other Bloggers Do? For certain individuals, utilizing timestamps on their blog contrarily affected client commitment. Computerized advertising specialist Mack Collier reinserted dates to his posts for one month and found that his blog traffic began falling. Actually, his inquiry and Twitter traffic dropped by around 25%. Darren Rowse from the Digital Photography School blog imagines that not indicating the date gives the impression of â€Å"freshness.† He evacuated timestamps and saw that his â€Å"old† posts got more connections and remarks after some time. Evergreen Vs. Time-Sensitive Content There are particular sorts of blog entries you ought to in all likelihood timestamp: audits, news, occasional substance and supposition pieces. These presents need a date on assist perusers with understanding the specific circumstance and significance of your substance. As far as building traffic and connections, evergreen substance is unfathomably significant. There could be a contention for excluding dates in evergreen substance since it will probably be seen all the more frequently at later dates and a date could make it become less significant as the years pass by. However, I would contend that you ought to refresh and republishing your evergreen substance before that would turn into an issue. Test What Works For You Probably the most ideal approaches to conclude whether to timestamp your blog is to follow commitment information. Attempt A/B testing with and without timestamps to perceive what sort of a distinction it makes to your ricochet rate and time on page. At last, with regards to adding timestamps to your blog, you ought to do what you feel is best for your blog and your perusers. What works for one blog may not work for another.

How to Cite a Documentary Found Online

How to Cite a Documentary Found Online (27) While you might think of books and journal articles as the go-to sources when writing essays, documentaries can also be a great source of informationâ€"and they can also serve as a form of entertainment. Citing a documentary might seem more complicated than citing a textbook, but we’ve put together this handy guide on how to cite a documentary to make the process a bit easier for you. As an example, we’ve cited “Jiro Dreams of Sushi”â€"a great Netflix documentary by David Gelb about a legendary Tokyo sushi chefâ€"in three different styles: MLA 8, APA and Chicago. To cite a documentary properly, you must take the following pieces of information into consideration: Documentary title Name of the documentary director Any performers in the documentary Documentary producers Title of the site, database, or streaming service that the documentary was found on (if applicable) Name of the production company Publication date City where the production company is based URL for the documentary Depending on the medium used to access the documentary, you may need to do additional research to find all of the information listed below. Use the following structure to cite a documentary in MLA 8: Documentary title. Directed by First name Last name, performance by First name Last name, Production Company, Year published. Title of Site, Database, or Service where movie was streamed from (if applicable). URL (without http:// or https://). Here’s how the above example would be cited in MLA format: Jiro Dreams of Sushi. Directed by David Gelb, performance by Jiro Ono Yoshikazu Ono. Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2011. Netflix, www.netflix.com/search?q=jirojbv=70181716jbp=0jbr=0. Use the following structure to cite a documentary in APA: Last name of Documentary Producer(s), F.M. (Producer[s]), Last name of Documentary Director(s), F.M. (Director[s]). (Year). Documentary title [ Medium (DVD, Video file]. Retrieved from URL Here’s how the above example would be cited in APA format: Iwashina, K., Yamamoto, M.(Producers), Gelb, D. (Director). (2011). Jiro dreams of sushi [Video file].  Retrieved from https://www.netflix.com/search?q=jirojbv=70181716jbp=0jbr=0 Use the following structure to cite a documentary  in Chicago: Documentary Title. Directed by Director’s Name. City of Publication: Studio, Year. Here’s how the above example would be cited in Chicago: Jiro Dreams of Sushi.  Directed by David Gelb. New York: Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2011.

The Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigration into the United...

The Pros and Cons of Illegal Immigration into the United States Illegal immigration has been an important and serious issue for decades; which affects everyone, both Americans and immigrants themselves. Illegal Immigration has three main purposes: first to find a better life in the ?promise land?, second: free healthcare, and third: for criminal activity. Most illegal immigrants come to America with the best intentions for themselves and/or their families, but many others have alternative motives. The thing that must be remembered is that illegal immigration is illegal. It?s all in the name. ?Over 6 million illegal immigrants live in the US- some estimate even more.? (Illegal Immigration) This is astonishing. Six†¦show more content†¦More appalling is the fact that 60 percent of the 18the Street gang?s membership consists of illegal aliens. The gang?s crimes range from armed robbery to arson to murder.? (Izumi, Lance T.) Other immigrants who come to America illegally get here, and then go to hospitals with no insurance, or may apply for welfare such as unemployment or food assistance. Since welfare comes from taxes paid by citizens of the United States, this practice is highly looked down upon, even despised. Although some illegal immigrants pay taxes through false social security numbers, it doesn?t come close to adding up to the amount spent on healthcare for the population living in the U.S. Illegal immigration is not always looked down upon, as some say they help our economy, while others say hurt the economy. ?Many business owners, on the other hand, are strongly pro-immigration. President Bill Clinton and others who supported the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) believed that the free flow of people over national borders, like that of goods and capital, could only lead to prosperity.? (Bender, 19) Illegal aliens or immigrants can become legal and become worry free citizens of the U.S., by taking the right steps. Although the United States is almost completely against the importation of illegal immigrants to do work in the states, it did happen at one time. ?During WWII and until the 1960?s, theShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants Should NOT be Deported Essay example916 Words   |  4 Pagesparent who is illigally in the united states? Illegal immigration has always been a problem in the U.S dating all the way back to 1875. In 1882 presid ent Chester A. Aurthor was the first president to bann all chinese workers. Soon after, the criminals and the mentally ill were refused from theU.S. Immigration wasnt always a problem before this. In 1892 the first portal oft immigration opened up in Ellis Island, New York. This was the premier station for immigration. Here new arrivals had to showRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is It Really That Big Of A Deal?1084 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration. Is it positive or negative? There are many views to this, as to any topics in its nature, but is it really that big of a deal? This paper will be introducing the pros and cons to this subject. There will also be the views politicians of the upcoming 2016 election. This will cover the views of Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, and Bernie Sanders. What’s your view towards illegal immigration? There are many pros to this topic, such as the fact that the government would earn moreRead MorePro-Illegal Immigration Paper916 Words   |  4 PagesLabrada 11/16/11 FYS 138 Professor Lodge The Melting Pot The debate of illegal immigration in the United States is one that is plagued with many details, and one that sparks a huge amount of controversy among politicians and citizens alike. While it is an issue that many argue about, few people are actually knowledgeable about the subject and have facts to back up their opinions. According the Center for Immigration Studies, the â€Å"unauthorized resident immigrant population is defined by allRead MoreMilitary Involvement Of The United States And Mexican Border1579 Words   |  7 Pages Military Guarding The United States and Mexican Border Should our military guard The United States and Mexico border? The opposing views think that military involvement is not the solution to the problem. The following writing will discuss reasons for that our military needs to be involved in protecting the borders of The United State and Mexico and the arguments regarding our military being used to guard our borders. Many people dispute the military involvement and many are in its favor. ThisRead More The Problem with Immgration to the United States Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe Problem with Immgration to the United States The first move stopping immigration decided by Congress was a law in 1862 restricting American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S. The Alien Contract Labor Laws of 1885, 1887, 1888, and 1891 restricted the immigration to the U.S. of people entering the country to work under contracts made before their arrival. Alien skilled laborers, under these laws, were allowed to enter the U.S. to work in new industries. By this time anti-immigrantRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is A Problem For The United States1361 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been a problem for the United States for a long time. This is not a new phenomenon and thousands of illegal immigrants have come into US through either the Mexico border, the Pacific Ocean, or through many other ways. Some people entered in country legally through a visit visa, but then have stayed illegally and are working in various places. Illegal immigration is a double enclosed sword; one hand it provide the local e conomy with cost benefits as the illegal immigrants areRead MorePro Illegal Immigration1348 Words   |  6 Pagesor start over completely, moving to another country provides a very appealing alternative to the state of their current lifestyle. Often times this ends up in illegal immigration, which has more positive effects than people are led to believe. At one point in time America relied on outsiders so much that they were willing to enslave them in order to. Like many other settler societies, the United States, before it achieved independence and afterward, relied on the flow of newcomers from abroad to occupyRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Latin American Immigration on America1553 Words   |  7 Pages Immigration is the process of entry of individuals into a new country (23). Throughout past centuries, immigration has been a means of discovery and exploration of new lands. In today’s culture, immigration to the United States is an avenue for individua ls who wish to start new lives and take advantage of the capitalistic, entrepreneurial system. People from many countries have migrated into the United States. Most recently, the migrants have come from Central and South AmericanRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration1100 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration Over the past few years illegal immigration has become a bigger problem. Statistics reveal that more and more immigrants are entering the country illegally by crossing the borders. If something is not done soon, this may get out of hand and be to gone far not to handle. The number of illegal immigrants have gone up over the past years drastically In 2011, there were 40 million immigrants in the U.S. Of that 11.1 million were illegal. Although the number of illegalRead MoreThe United States Of America Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America has always been considered a â€Å"melting pot†, a place where people of all backgrounds can coalesce and share ideas and cultures and succeed together as one. From afar, America as seen as a place of white picket fences and limitless prosperity, where anyone can achieve opulence regardless of their social class or the circumstances of their birth. . Countless immigrants come to America each year, holding onto this fading idea of the American Dream. Some seek opportunity,

The Secrets They Kept Essay examples - 1185 Words

When an individual keeps secrets, these secrets can cause little tears in their relationships, removing trust that had taken years to build. If the foundation someone has built their lives has become fragile from their deceptions their whole world can be destroyed. Although their stories are vastly different, Othello, Oedipus and Nora had different personal flaws that led to the downfalls in their lives. However, they all shared two common flaws, dishonesty and pride. Dishonesty is a monster that transforms and manifests itself in several ways until it is exposed. For Othello, Oedipus, and Nora the monster of dishonesty was present in their lives and marriages, and resulted in pain, heartache, and regret. In Shakespeare’s play Othello the†¦show more content†¦Iago feels that he deserves promotion over Othello’s lieutenant Michael Cassio and also believes that Othello has slept with his wife Emilia. Because of his beliefs, Iago decides to convince Othello his wi fe is cheating on him. Iago, who is ironically referred to as â€Å"Honest Iago,† took Othello’s love and pure intentions for his wife, Desdemona, and molded them like clay, into corruption and wrongdoing. Iago did this by pretending to be caring and thoughtful. He was willing to do anything to persuade Othello of Desdemona having an affair with his lieutenant Michael Cassio. And Othello was comfortable to risk his relationship on Iago’s lies. A constant diet of Iago’s lies turned Othello into a cold and heartless monster. His wife became ostracized from their relationship because she had been replaced with Iago. But, what lead to Othello’s downfall altogether? Was it the fact that for him, Iago’s lies smothered the truth? Or was it because the institution of marriage had been destroyed? Othello put his faith and trust into Iago, instead of trusting that his wife would never break her commitment to him. Othello’s downfall is layered with several types of personality or character flaws. Othello became capricious and lacked: self-control, discretion, and trust. What he lacked, is what caused him create his own pain, which ruined his life. Desdemona’s love for her Othello was apparent, she had married him unknowingly to herShow MoreRelatedThe Truth Is Best Kept As A Secret912 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth Is Best Kept As a Secret There comes a point in one’s life where we consider it convenient to keep secrets or the truth from people we deeply care about. We make the decision to keep silent so that the people around us don’t get affected by how horrible the truth may be. We believe that our loved ones don’t deserve to go through such a horrible thing, that we make ourselves believe that we are making the right choice by keeping them from knowing the truth. In reality, telling lies andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Secret She Kept Essay2521 Words   |  11 PagesIn an original movie from TV One the movie The Secret She Kept illustrates a woman trapped within herself battling between her professional and home life but hiding her condition. The main character Tia Jiles suffers from the mental condition schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In the movie Tia strives for greatness and is a successful lawyer who is respected greatly within her community and among her colleagues although she guards her condition from the public. Fred Markowitz a sociologist who studiedRead MoreThe Best Kept Secrets : Growing Your Business1040 Words   |  5 PagesThe Best-Kept Secrets To Growing Your Business By Peter Williamson Feb 17, 2013 By now you know that when I offer tips about growing your business, it s because I want you to have solid, applicable information that will help ensure that your company s growth is steady, strong, and productive. It s probably no accident that a company is sometimes called a plant. And it s no accident that Nature can be our teacher in terms of how to grow our business. If we look at growing your businessRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Argumentative Essay812 Words   |  4 Pageslovers who commit suicide because of a secret that was kept to keep them together? In the book Romeo and Juliet , by William Shakespeare, is about two lovers who come from two families who are enemies. The two fell in love and their parents refuse to let them marry each other. At the end both the lovers die. This connects to my topic because of one secret that was kept to save them killed six people. Even though some may believe otherwise, there are times when secrets must be told so it doesnt lead toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Bill Cosby 1572 Words   |  7 Pages Ruining a reputation is as easy as ruining a life. Just keep secrets. It may be a forbidden relationship or one from the past that comes to haunt later. The latter is true for Bill Cosby. After Hannibal Burress called Cosby a rapist in a comedy act in October 2014, several women’s stories came to national attention. Barbara Bowman wrote an essay, about her experience with Bill Cosby for Washington Post online on November 13th, 2014. She explains how the relationship started off harmlessly. He hadRead MoreThe Underlying Truth Behind Secrets962 Words   |  4 PagesTruth behind Secrets From time to time a deep secret unfolds and depending on the secret, it can either be beneficial or detrimental to the situation it has produced. *In the plays Oedipus the King and A Doll House, the female characters (Iocaste and Nora) keep a life changing secret from the other characters (Oedipus and Torvald) in the story which eventually surfaces. The plays show that secrets can bring either acceptance, devastation, or vengeance for both the one keeping the secret and the oneRead MoreAnalysis Of Buried Child By Sam Shepard898 Words   |  4 PagesIn Buried Child, Sam Shepard shows that secrets are hard to keep. In the play, we meet multiple characters and we soon see that there are secrets in the family. As the play progresses, the readers find out more and more about the secrets that are being kept. Near the beginning of the play, Tilden is seen holding several crops that he says he gathered from the backyard. Dodge, his father, states that there haven’t been crops growing out in the back for over thirty years. Also, in the play, the readersRead MoreWhat Is The Theme Of Adultery In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne980 Words   |  4 Pagesremained a secret. The father is later revealed to be Arthur Dimmesdale. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne uses objects and people to represent secret sin. In the novel, he uses The Scarlet Letter, Pearl, and Dimmesdale to represent the theme of secret sin. First, Hawthorne uses the Scarlet Letter to represent the theme of secret sin. The scarlet letter was placed on Hesters bosom as punishment for her sin of adultery. The Scarlet Letter is a physical representation of   Hesters secret sin of adulteryRead MoreAnalysis of Our Secret by Susan Griffin Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe Title â€Å"Our Secret†, A Chapter From â€Å"A Chorus Of Stones† by Susan Griffin Truth is possibly one of the most powerful forces in humanity. Truth has the power to set people free, change lives and end them. Because of this, the truth is usually feared and often concealed. In Susan Griffin’s â€Å"Our Secret†, the concealing of the truth become a major theme in the advancement of the plot, and also carries the meaning to the work’s title. The title of â€Å"Our Secret† refers to the secrets that the individualRead MoreHow Did The Holocaust Start And Why Did This Occur?1059 Words   |  5 Pages Life The Secret Annex How did the Holocaust start and why did this occur? The Holocaust happened in Germany and in Eastern Europe. The victims of the Holocaust were gathered from across Europe, but most of the actual killing was done in parts of Eastern, the best-known of the camps that were used to kill Holocaust victims were in Poland. These camps included Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, and the most notorious of all the death camps, Auschwitz. Auschwitz was the site

Constructivism Free Essays

string(68) " of all the promotion of social development of Russia at that time\." Introduction Russian architecture since the eleventh century up to the early 20th century was predominantly religious. For many centuries, churches were the only buildings that were constructed out of stone. However, the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the influence of the Suprematism movement of 1915 brought about the birth of Constructivism, the modernistic architectural style of Russia from 1924-1932. We will write a custom essay sample on Constructivism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The brief period that followed the 1917 Revolution marked the beginning of the influence of the avant-garde Constructivist movement in the structure and design of major buildings. It enjoyed a short popularity until the late 1920s when it was repudiated by the more conservative Stalinist-era architecture. The principles of Constructivism theory come from three main art movements that evolved in Europe during the early part of the 20th century: Russian Suprematism, Dutch Des Stijl, or Neo Plasticism, and the Bauhaus in Germany . Historical Backdrop The Russian Revolution of 1917 In early 20th century Russia, particularly in 1917, there was a series of revolutions that eventually destroyed the autocracy of the Tsar. This series of revolutions led by the workers of Russia under their leader Vladimir Lenin was known as the Russian Revolution. The February Revolution in March of 1917 focused on St. Petersburg. During this time, the Soviets, or workers’ councils, delegated to the members of the Imperial Parliament the task of governing Russia and overthrowing Nicholas II, the Tsar during that time and the last of the Tsars. Meanwhile, the Soviets, led by the socialists or Bolsheviks, had the full allegiance of the lower-class citizens and workers as well as the political left. The Bolsheviks then formed workers militias. In the October Revolution that followed, the Bolshevik party under the command of their leader Vladimir Lenin, as well as the workers’ councils, overthrew the Provisional Government in St. Petersburg. Eventually, the success of the revolution paved the way for the birth of the USSR. After this series of events, peasants took over the lands previously owned by the vassals and redistributed land. This also marked the beginning of communal existence especially among the working classes, which led to the building of several constructivist buildings to house the first ommunities and to promote the ideology of communism. The Suprematism Movement of 1915 Suprematism is the main ideology in art that inspired Constructivism, which is the predominant architectural style of Russia during the period from 1924 to 1932. Suprematism lasted from 1915 to 1935 and is regarded as the first systematic school of modernism based on purely abstract pictorial compositions and geometric figures. It is a Russian art movement which was originally founded in Moscow in 1913 by the Russian painter Kazimir Malevich. Malevich advocated Suprematism as he believed that this is the perfect way â€Å"to liberate art from the ballast of the representational world. † He himself did this by producing art consisting of geometrical shapes flatly painted on the surface of the canvass. The goal of Suprematism is pure sensation and the pictorial space should be emptied of all symbolic content as in Surrealism. Malevich believed that art has to be â€Å"decongested and cleared† in order to show a new reality where the most important thing is thought as well as sensation. Malevich’s Suprematism was also heavily influenced by the then avant-garde movements in art such as Cubism and Futurism. Suprematism, considering that it was based on Malevich’s spiritual beliefs, was regarded as non-objective and apolitical. Aside from its use of only geometric shapes as the ones demonstrated by constructivist forms of architecture, Suprematism also emphasized the use of a limited colour range, which explains the overall appearance of constructivist buildings. The Beginnings and Golden Age of Constructivism The development of Suprematism led to the movement toward a non-objective art, or art without a subject, in architecture. During the early years of Constructivism, the Russian modernists or avant-garde started embracing Cubism and Futurism, which were two of the major sources of influence of Constructivism. Cubism was a 20th century modern movement popularized by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in France and other parts of Europe from 1907-1921. Futurism, on the other hand, started in Italy in 1910 and from 1920-1940 was used in the construction of buildings despite the opposition of the fascist state which favoured classical Roman imperial patterns. In 1913-1914, the Russian and Soviet architect and painter Vladimir Tatlin used industrial materials to make and exhibit a number of relief constructions. He was inspired by Italian futurist Umberto Boccioni’s dream of â€Å"plastic configurations in space† and Pablo Picasso’s 3D collages, both of which he described by using the term Constructivism. Vladimir Tatlin was indeed the progenitor of this post-Revolutionary movement in architecture. The year 1921 marked the appearance of the first Constructivist manifesto after the formation of the First Working Group of Constructivists in Moscow. The key artists were Vladimir Tatlin, Kasmir Malevich, Liubov Popova, Aleksandr Rodchenko, Vavara Stepanova, Vasily Kandinsky, Naum Gabo, Antoine Pevsner, El Lissitzky. Actual constructivist theory and design practice began in 1922 in conjunction with the formulation of Vesnin brothers of the plan for the Palace of Labor, which was presented during a competition in 1922. However, actual building on a significant scale did not start until 1925 after the founding of the Union of Modern Architects, the official organization of the Russian Constructivist architects. By 1925, the first experimental office and residential buildings began their first appearance. Towards the end of 1925, the Constructivists of Russia formed their own organization as a response to the decision of the Rationalists to establish the Association of New Architects, or ASNOVA, two years earlier in 1923. While the Rationalists and ASNOVA focused on their search for purely aesthetic abstract forms, the Constructivists and OSA (union of modern architecture) brought to life a novel, more practical architectural form, with reference to the purpose of the of the specific building, the materials used to construct it, its design and other conditions for production, and most of all the promotion of social development of Russia at that time. You read "Constructivism" in category "Papers" While the Rationalist emphasized the artistic or aesthetic side of architecture, the Constructivists favoured its functional aspect. The period from1927 to 1929 was considered the golden age of Russian avant-garde architecture. In these three years, a small group of Russian constructivist architects was able to build or plan the best-known buildings in the country. Among the structures built during this time were the Zuyev Club by Ilya Golosov, all the clubs by Konstantin Melnikov and his house, Lenin’s Mausoleum and the Narkomzem building by Aleksey Shchusev, Narkomfin by Ginzburg and Milinis, the Barshch’s and Sinyavsky’s Planetarium, and Nikolaev’s communal house for students. The Concept of Constructivism Constructivism, or Constructivist Art, is a term used to describe a type of non-representational, or totally abstract, relief construction, sculpture, painting, and kinetics. Constructivist buildings are usually ordered and often minimal, spatial, geometric, architectonic and experimental with how industrial material is used. Furthermore, constructivism combined engineering and advanced technology with a dominant Communist social purpose. The movement produced several pioneering projects as well as prominent buildings and structures before falling out of favour during the early 1930s. Early constructivist art and architecture, just like Communism, was idealistic and seeking a new order that dealt with various social and economic problems. The appearance of several constructivist buildings and monuments is characterized by an emphasis on geometrical shapes like rectangular solids and cylinders, often intersecting each other or demonstrating asymmetry. Limited colour range is another quality of constructivist buildings, with the choice of colour as flesh or white signifying simplicity in the communal society. Red was also a very popular choice of colour for the buildings and monuments like Lenin’s Mausoleum as this colour was known to symbolize Communism. Both the geometrical emphasis and the limits in colour are characteristics of Constructivist Architecture brought about by the influence of Suprematism, which was the most dominant art movement in Russia at that time. German â€Å"Constructivism† or the Bauhaus Architecture, the German word â€Å"Bauhaus† literally means â€Å"House of Building† or â€Å"Building School. † It refers to a school in Germany famous for the style and design that it taught. It is a form of modernist architecture that was founded by Walter Gropius and existed in Germany, some parts of Europe, the United States, and Israel from 1919 to 1933. The Bauhaus was an architectural ideology similar to Russian Constructivism and existed at the same time that it did. As Constructivism lost its favour because of Stalinist Neoclassicism, the Bauhaus gradually became inactive as the Nazi rose to power. Just like Constructivist structures, Bauhaus buildings usually possess a cubic design and favour right angles owing to its geometrical figure. Nevertheless it may occasionally feature rounded corners as well as balconies. These buildings usually have an open floor plan and smooth facades. The Most Notable Constructivist Buildings The Rusakov Workers’ Club. One of the most notable examples of constructivist architecture in Moscow is the Rusakov Workers’ Club. It was designed by Konstantin Melnikov and was constructed from 1927 to 1928. On the outside, the club resembles a fan and in elevation, it is made up of a base and three cantilevered concrete areas for the seats. If the seating areas are combined, the building can seat over 1,000 people while each of these three cantilevered seating areas can be used as a separate auditorium. More conventional offices are found at the rear of the building. Moreover, the materials used in its construction are glass, concrete and brick. The constructivist identity of the building is expressed in its exterior, which the architect Melnikov himself described as a â€Å"tensed muscle. † On the outside, the three seating areas are seen as three large rectangular solids protruding from the walls of the building on the upper part. Melnikov naturally applied his own values to its construction by setting the Rusakov Workers’ Club, as well as other clubs he had designed, against the hostile city rather than belonging to it by employing sharply distinctive forms to make the structure appear individualist and unique against the general backdrop of urban buildings. Svoboda Factory Club, another constructivist building worth mentioning is the Svoboda Factory Club, or Maxim Gorky Palace of Culture. It was also Konstantin Melnikov who designed the building in 1927. It was completed two years later. For the general design of the Svoboda Factory Club, a conventional rectangular masonry block was used as a replacement for the original plan of using a flat elliptical tube, thus giving its design a constructivist spirit. The staircase was not curved but built straight, leaving the central rostrum column as the only curvilinear element in the structure. However, although the central rostrum column balances the left and right halves of the building, these halves are not identical with the north side end block significantly higher than the opposite one. This unique feature is a quality of the individualism of the constructivist movement. Nonetheless, the central rostrum hides such a discrepancy . Zuev Workers’ Club, another prominent example of constructivist architecture is the Zuev Workers’ Club in Moscow. The architect Ilya Golosov designed the structure in 1926 and it was finished after two years. The original function of the building was to house various facilities for the workers of Moscow. The innovative and unique glazing treatment at its corner and the facade formed from the dramatic â€Å"intersection of a cylindrical glazed staircase and a stack of rectangular floor planes† prove to be very photogenic and make the Zuev Workers’ Club a symbol of Russian avant-garde architecture. These two unique qualities reflect a strong unique identity which is characteristic of Soviet Constructivism. The stack of rectangular floor planes has behind them a sequence of club rooms and open foyers that lead to a rectangular auditorium made up of 850 seats. Golosov, like Melnikov, was an enthusiast not for the logics but for the dynamic forms Constructivist design methods. In the Zuev Workers’ Club, this is evident in the immensely powerful drama of the cylinder intersecting the flat planes . Narkomzem, also known as People’s Commissariat of Agriculture, Narkomzem was another noteworthy example of avant-garde architecture in early 20th century Russia. The building, which is now used today as a working ministry, was designed by Aleksey Shchusev and was finished in 1933. The most striking constructivist feature of the building is its corner details where a rectangular plane intersects with the cylindrical edge. Aside from the corner details, the overall asymmetry and the ribbon window located on the top floor remain to be the most striking features of Narkomzem . Melnikov’s House. The house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov, or simply known as Melnikov House, is one of the most notable examples of 20th century avant-garde architecture. It is located in Moscow and is located well away from the street. Melnikov House is a building made up of a combination of both Futuristic and Classical designs consisting of two interlocking cylinders with the rear one noticeably taller than the front. The structure is also perforated with some sixty identical elongated hexagonal windows provided with Constructivist glazing bars. The asymmetry in the cylinders and the uniquely designed hexagons are testaments to Melnikov’s commitment to Constructivism. The cylinders are made from stucco-covered bricks similar to those used in Russian churches and on the facade are written the words KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV ARKHITECTOR . Narkomfin, another Russian building with constructivist design is the Narkomfin building. It was designed by the architects Ignaty Milinis and Moisei Ginzburg along with engineer Sergei Prokhorov. It was constructed from 1928 to 1930 for the purpose of providing apartments for the employees of the People’s Commissariat of Finance, of the Narkomfin. The transitional, semi-communal apartment was supposed to introduce to the Soviet citizen the communal way of life and to introduce communism into the heart of domestic life and prepare the citizens to fully live a communal existence . Narkomfin, for its constructivist elements, had a long elegant facade with several rows of horizontal windows. It was topped with the Commissar’s penthouse making it look like and be called â€Å"the ship. † Upon its completion it turned out to be an ensemble composed of three buildings: the housing block, the communal block and a small laundry building. The Narkomfin has remained an icon of modernism in avant-garde architecture of Soviet Russia primarily because of these constructivist elements that make it stand out among the rest. The Narkomfin building was also known as the most perfectly realized building out of all the communal buildings constructed during the Constructivist Era or in the utopian years of the early Soviet Union. It was also considered the prototype for the modern European apartment blocks and housing estates. Now, the Narkomfin remains as a pilgrimage sites for historians and architects from all over the world. The Communal House (1920-1930) of the Textile Institute, or the Communal House for Textile Institute Students, in Moscow is considered Ivan Nikolaev’s masterpiece and is another noteworthy architectural work of the Soviet constructivist era. Popularly called Nikolaev’s House or The Hostel, the Communal House demonstrates the â€Å"dom kommuna,† or the 2000 adult apprentices shared cabins along an eight-storey block extending for a length of 200 meters. There was a creative mix of dining rooms and recreational spaces in the low block. The Communal House was actually built for textile students to live and study in while adopting a strict military communal fashion that starts with a wake-up call, and proceeds with exercise, shower, and study. The constructivist elements of the Communal House include half-round stair towers, the triangular staircase, and the vast rectangular volumes as well as the asymmetry demonstrated by the uneven intersections of the various planes in the facade of the building. The Barshch’s and Sinyavsky’s Planetarium, or the Moscow Planetarium, was established on November 5, 1929 and is considered at present a centre of natural sciences. The planetarium is principally involved in reading public lectures and implementing scientific and artistic programs in cosmonautics and astronomy. In the observatory of he planetarium, one can watch the sunspots, the Moon, the planets and many other heavenly bodies with the use of a telescope. The Modern State of the Planetarium M. O. Barshch and M. I. Sinyavsky were responsible for the design of the planetarium and commenced the construction on September 23, 1928, the day of the autumnal equinox. The planetarium was actually one of the largest projec tion domes for any planetarium in the world, which makes this unique feature one of its most prominent characteristics as a symbol of avant-garde Soviet architecture. However, its apex was only 4cm thick. Located in the former city of Leningrad, now St. Petersburg, the Red Banner Textile Factory was partially designed by the first foreign architect asked to design in the USSR, Erich Mendelsohn, in 1925 to 1926, and later designed by E. A. Tretyakov, S. O. Ovsyannikov, and Hyppolit Pretraeus until its completion in 1937. The Red Banner Textile Factory was a dynamic, futuristic large factory and was a most notable example of Soviet Constructivist architecture. The Red Banner Factory resembled a ship with the top part of it jutting out of the planes. There is also an asymmetry with the intersection of the cylindrical and rectangular sections of the building on the outside. These two constructivist features of the factory give it its unique identity and make it stand out. Notable Architects of Russia from 1924-1932 The Russian constructivist designer Vladimir Tatlin was considered the progenitor of Soviet Constructivism because of his revolutionary exhibits of relief constructions from 1913 to 1914. He was also responsible for the appearance of the Constructivist Manifesto in 1921 which paved the way for the first construction of a plan for a constructivist building in 1922 and the actual establishment of constructivist office and residence buildings in 1925. Tatlin trained at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as well as in the Penza Art School. It was after completing his formal studies that he joined a group of avant-garde painters and writers all over Russia. It was also during this period that he formulated several designs for a theater and participated in exhibitions. Konstain Melnikov was one of the big names in Soviet constructivist architecture, being the architect behind the Rusakov Workers’ Club, the Svoboda Factory Club and his own Melnikov House. Melnikov apprenticed as an engineer after attending the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. He studied architecture from 1912 to 1917 and it became his passion although he initially studied painting in 1905. As a romanticist and a supporter of Communism, Melnikov was an architect who had independence of mind and rejected the principle of â€Å"method† in design and instead focused on â€Å"intuition† as the most essential factor in expressing the social and symbolic meaning of an architectural form such as a building. In his works, Melnikov struggled to combine Classicism and Leftist Modernism and often designed his architectural masterpieces with explicit and symbolic historicism. A leader of Constructivism from 1925 to 1931, Ilya Golosov was the Russian architect responsible for the design of the Zuyev Workers’ Club in Moscow and communal housing in Ivanovo. Just like Tatlin and Melnikov, Golosov studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculture and Architecture. However, he also studied in the Stroganov School of Arts. His main impression with the works of the Vesnin brothers made him join the constructivist organization, or the OSA Group in 1925, and from then on he started designing his masterpieces. However, although Golosov was a champion of Constructivist architecture, he regarded the architectural philosophy of Constructivism only as ideal for exterior decoration but not for wholesomeness in terms of functional style. These contrasting views of his regarding Constructivism eventually made him abandon the avant-garde form of architecture in 1932 and settled for neoclassical architecture in his works, hence from Soviet Constructivism to Soviet Realism. Another name in the Soviet Constructivist architects hall of fame is Ivan Nikolaev. He was famous for the constructivist design and even the formulation of the rules and regulations of the Communal House of the Textile Institute built from 1929 to 1931. He devised a rather rigid and Communist procedure for the members of the training institute which was supposed to be followed through every single day: a wake-up call, exercise, shower and study. In addition Nikolaev was also famous for his modernist campus of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. He, however, abandoned his constructivist beliefs in order to adopt Stalinist architecture. Another prominent name in avant-garde Soviet architecture of early 20th century Russia was Aleksey Shchusev. Shchusev was responsible for the constructivist designs of the Kazan Railway Station, the Narkomzem, or Agriculture Ministry, building in Moscow, and most important of all, Lenin’s Mausoleum on Red Square, which he designed only in a stunning period of three days. Another one of his constructivist designs was the Institute of Resorts in Sochi, which he designed from 1927 to 1931. Shchusev was tasked to design many more buildings after 1932 and some say that he was even the originator of Gothic skyscrapers in Moscow. Shchusev studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts from 1891 to 1897 and his travels to North Africa and Central Asia from 1894 to 1899 may have somehow influenced his partial non-adherence to pure Constructivism. It is also worth mentioning that even before Shchusev designed buildings, he was already tasked to restore church and to design a cathedral during the first ten years of the 20th century. His restoration of the St. Basil Church in Ukraine, his designs for the Trinity Cathedral in Pochayiv Lavra, and the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent in Moscow made him one of the best and most versatile architects of his time. The expressionist architect Erich Mendelsohn was a German Jewish architect and the first foreign architect who was allowed by the USSR to work for them. In 1926, he partially designed the Red Flag Textile Factory in St. Petersburg. The constructivist design of the exterior of the factory made it resemble a ship. This particular masterpiece of Mendelsohn is similar to the Mossehaus, which he himself designed in Berlin. He also designed the rear view of the Einstein Tower in Potsdam and the Cohen House in London, all of which had designs similar to that of Soviet Constructivism. Mendelsohn studied architecture at the Technical University of Berlin and the Technical University of Munich, where he graduated cum laude in 1812. His initial work before he became an international architectural designer was as an independent architect in Munich. One of the champions of Russian Constructivism, not necessarily for his actual works but for his theories, was the name Yakov Chernikhov. Perhaps Chernikhov’s only actual architectural achievement was the Red Nail Maker’s Factory, or Red Carnation Factory, built in St. Petersburg from 1930 to 1931. The rest of Chernikhov’s fame is attributed to his written works. Chernikhov studied at the Odessa Art School where he taught drawing and sketching years later, and at the Academy of Arts at St. Petersburg where he graduated in 1925. He then joined the Constructivist movement and instead of concentrating on the actual ractice of his profession, he wrote and published a series of books which showcased his constructivist architectural fantasies: Fundamentals of Modern Architecture, written from 1929 to 1930; Construction of Architectural and Machine Forms, written in 1931; and Architectural Fantasies: 101 Compositions, written in 1933. These three books did not only make him famous all over the world but also became a source of inspiration to many generations of architects. He had five more books published from 1934 to 1948. Decline of Constructivism A competition for a grandiose project for the Palace of the Soviets was held in 1932. The constructivists joined the competition with their best entries. However, there was an ever-growing criticism of Modernism as that time, and this affected as well all the Soviet Constructivism. The winning entry was therefore not constructivist but an eclectic Stalinist architecture project by Boris Iofan. By the end of the 1920s, Constructivism was eventually replaced by Post constructivism, which featured buildings designed in a composite style and bore close resemblance to Neoclassicism. How to cite Constructivism, Papers

Pesticides Effects Essay Example For Students

Pesticides Effects Essay There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and itsaffects on the average person. Though, the one that hits closest to home,worldwide, is the trust that individuals have in the food that they consume. Yetpesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. Pesticides aretoxins that are used by produce growers universally to control pests that candestroy crops. These toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruitsand vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. How safe are these toxins tohumans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the healthof individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison atevery meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get ablind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questionswhen asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change thesystems of pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the longterm effects on our environment and what they are eating or giving to the futureof our world, the children. In some foreign countries pesticides are used morefrequently with legislative control than in the United States. In Mexico andSouth America, for example, many of the pesticides that the United States andEurope have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. Thelargest problem with this is that Europe and the United States import from SouthAmerica for produce all of the time. What good does it do to ban harmfulagricultural chemicals to be used on domestically grown crops if crops in othercountries are grown with these same harmful chemicals, and are then allowed tobe imported? Mexico and South America are the leading suppliers of produce forthe earths population because their climate is very conducive to year aroundcrops. Unfortunately those countries are also known for their large amount ofinsects of all varieties. These insects are steadily b ecoming more and moreimmune to toxins that are sprayed on crops. More than five hundred insects, onehundred and fifty plant diseases and two hundred and seventy weeds are nowresistant to pesticides. Results are that U.S. growers as well, are steadilyforced to apply more and stronger toxins. As the amount and the strength of thetoxin increases, the immunity of the targeted insects to these toxins alsoincreases. Total U.S. crop losses from insect damage has nearly doubled since1945. Insecticide use during this same time has increased tenfold. This war willgo on being waged until the game plan is changed. The produce export trade insome cities and countries constitutes the majority of their economy and theywill protect the resulting income at all costs. These places have very littlelegislation to control chemical usage, and follow up on almost none of itseffects. Officials do not care how it affects consumers, being adults orchildren. Even their own agricultural workers health is of no concern. Theseofficials only care about producing crops and exporting them with as littleoverhead as possible. The bottom line is, always has been, and always will bemoney. In Villa Juarez, Mexico, many children who work in the produce fields arecoming down with mysterious illnesses and some people in this region put theblame directly on those childrens contact with the chemical acephate and otherpesticides that are used in that area. The use of acephate is illegal in theUnited States, but is perfectly legal in Mexico. Doctors in Juarez are treatingunusually high amounts of cancer and also fifty to eighty cases of chemicalpoisoning per week in their agricultural workers. This continues to happenbecause the government and the growers do not take these illnesses seriously;the workers are expendable. Growers in Culcan Valley, Mexico use chemicals toincrease production of produce sold in the U.S. every winter. Unfortunately,studies that were preformed by the Government Accounting offic e in Mexico showedthat at least six pesticides that are illegal in the U.S. were still on theproduce when it was exported. Moving on to South America, in Chile there are noclear guidelines governing the use of agricultural chemicals on produce crops. In the city of Rancaga, a large fruit growing region, a study was done to checkthe risks that rural workers face, and what they found was astounding. Dr. MariaMella found that there is an alarming amount of sterility and birth defects dueto exposure to chemical pesticides in agricultural workers. Congenialdeformities were five times higher, and multiple deformities were a shockingfour times higher than normal in this part of South America. These studies wereconducted by the Womens Institute and were based on ten thousand infants bornin this region. Dr. Mella insists that these chemicals cause deformities ininfants, sterility in workers, and induced miscarriages. Horribly, sheapproximates that up to sixty percent of pesticides used on wheat in SouthAmerica are still present on the bread when it is consumed. Seeing how harmfulpesticides can be to the workers who create the produce, one must wonder howmuch it can affect the consumer, maybe it depends on the strength and theharmfulness o f the chemicals. In Chile, many pesticides are derived fromThalidomide, a sleeping pill used in the 1950s, but it was removed from theUnited States when it was found to be responsible for severe deformities ininfants, infants born without limbs. Other pesticides that are used in Chile areparathon, paraquat, and lindane. They have already been banned in most othercountries. Chile is among the countries with the weakest and least restrictivelegislation on the control of pesticides. They also use products likepentachlophenal, which is a highly toxic fungicide used on their crops. Itusually ends up seeping into ground water, which in turn is consumed byindividuals and attacks the central nervous system. We import strawberries andgrapes from Chile every day in America that probably contains one or more ofthese harmful chemicals. We also import a great percentage of our bananas fromCosta Rica. The banana industry runs the government there because bananaexportation is the major economic in come for Costa Rica and they donate much oftheir efforts to keeping up the banana crops. In Costa Rica, banana productionaccounts for five percent of the land, twenty percent of their export revenues,and a whopping thirty-five percent of their pesticide business. Workers startapplying toxins early in the production of bananas because they are susceptibleto insects. They apply about thirty kilograms of active pesticides per acre, peryear and they spray fungicide up to forty times per year. This is ten timeshigher than the normal amount used on produce. The Worldwide Health Organizationsays that the pesticides used in South America are the most dangerous in theworld. Growers use chemicals like fenamifos, etoprop, and paraquat, all of whichare banned or are being reviewed. Exposure of workers to these chemicals hascaused blindness, sterility and even death. The growers use such high amounts ofchemicals because worm infestation is high in fledging bananas. Therefore,workers tie bags of pesticides directly on young banana bunches, but when thewind blows, the bags are swept into streams and rivers. It is the people ofCosta Rica who pay a high price for bananas. Many well-known names in the bananabusiness grow their bananas in Costa Rica. Chiquita, Dole, and Del Monte arejust a few, for example, that have fields there. They claim that they areconcerned for the health of the consumers and workers, but they have actuallydone very little to change the way pesticides are being handled and tested. TheCosta Rican regulatory service is responsible for checking up on banana growers,but the head of the department has admitted that he has never visited a bananaplantation because he has no funding for vehicles. What kind of dummyorganization is this? The only checks that are being conducted are randomly donewhen they are exporting the bananas. There has never been a case when thebananas entering the United States, were checked, did not exceed the limits ofpesticide residue. Gro wers are more concerned with how their bananas look thatif they are harmful to the consumer. This leads to the question, why does theUnited States allow the produce into its supermarkets? Who is getting paid? Overhalf of the U.S. House of Representatives has agreed to sign a new bill thatwill weaken the federal laws regarding high-risk pesticides in foods and water. Parts Emporium Persuasive Essaystates. Aside from having deformities, the number of frogs in these areas aredwindiling in numbers. The frog population is also decreasing in countries likeAustralia, India, Europe, Central and South America, and in the majority of thewestern United States. The Declinig Amphibians Population Task Force was set upby the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, and has backing frommany governments, including the United States. Their scientists are continuillylooking for reasons for the mysterious population decreases. It has been thoughtthat pesticides used by nearby farms is the leading cause. Scientists havediscovered that not only are the appendeges of frogs being affected bypesticides and chemicals, but the hormonal makeup of other wildlife is beingaffected as well. Many pesticides and other chemicles released into ourenviornment funtion as endocrine disrupters, alter the hormonal makeup ofwildlife and humans. Problems in the reproductive system have been discovered inharbor seals, snapping turtles, and double crested cormorants. Behavorialabnormalities have been cited in different species of gulls and terns, andimmune suppression in beluga whales, common terns and gulls has been documented,according to the National Wildlife Federation. An NWF study reprts thatendocrine Disruptors have resulted in animal offspring whose gender distinctionsare unclear. Alligators, western gulls and rainbow trout have emerged withrudimentary sexual organs, and western and herring gulls have been observedexhibiting mating behaviors of both genders.. Most people, no matter whattheir view is on pesticide usage, will agree that to maintain a healthylifestyle, eating properly outweighs the risk of ingesting possible residues. After all, society knows that fruits and vegetables are very important tomaintain a balanced diet. So produce must be protected and maybe there are saferways of doing it. In some countries like China, they encourage the service andpopulation of spiders and other insect-eating creatures within their rice crops. When we spray poisons to kill pests, we are also killing that pests naturalpredators. The only way individuals can protect themselves and their children isto rinse fruit and vegetables thoroughly under running water. Also peelingfruits helps to remove surface residue. Another way to prevent the intake ofpesticides is to throw away the outer leaves of vegetables. Cooking and bakingfoods also helps to kill residues and bacteria. If society is going to stop theescalation of pesticides, then alternative solutions must be explored and putinto effect. BibliographyAdhous, Peter. Ween Chemical: The Pieces Fall in Place. Science 6Nov 992:893. Online. Internet. 13 Oct.1998. Available http://207.82.250/251/cigibin/getmsg?Cook, Ken. Toxic Waste from Steel MillsRecycled by FertilizerCompanies for Crop Use. Media Advisory from Fenton Communications 26 Mar. 1998. 1-2. Online. Internet. 14 Oct. 1998 Available http://www.ems.org/archive/cp_ma_835.260398.htmlDo Pesticides on Fruits and Vegetables Threaten Children?Environmental Threats on Children. EPA Sept. 1996. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.epa.gov/epadocs/child.htm Godoy, Hugo. Pesticides Pose Danger to Chilean Workers. Latinamerica Press 16Dec. 1993. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.cnr.org.pe/na-1p/INDEX.HTMLoops, Marilyn. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children: What Arethe Issues? National Network for ChildCare Online. Internet. 11 Oct 1998. Available http://www.exnet.iastate.edu/pages/nncc/Nutrition/pestic.infant.htmlOur Vanishing Wildlife. In Harmony. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Available http://www.inharmony.com./pestwild.htm Pesticide and FoodSafety. California Environmental Protection Agency: Department ofPesticide Regulation July 1997:1-2. Online. Internet. 11 Oct. 1998. Availablehttp://www.cdpr.ca.gov. Pesticides and Food Safety. IFIC Jan. 1995:1-13. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Available http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/agfacts/pesticides/pesticides.htmlPimental, David. Environmental and Economic Costs of Pesticides.Bioscience Nov. 1998. Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998 Availablehttp://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg? Wheat, Andrew. Toxic Bananas.Multinational Monitor Sept. 1996: 9-15 Online. Internet. 13 Oct. 1998. Availablehttp://www.essential.org/monitor/hyper/mm0996.04.html Zuckerman, Seth. Across the Great Divide. Sierra Sept. 1992: 20-21. Online. Internet. 7 Apr. 1998. Available http://207.82.250/251/cgi-bin/getmsg?

Everything You Need to Know About WordPress Private Posts

Wondering what the deal is with WordPress private posts? When creating a WordPress page or post, you may have looked over that little Visibility area in the Publish module. Underneath it, you see three radio buttons: Public, Password Protected, and Private.So whats with that private option? If youre publishing a blog post, dont you want the whole world to see it? Well, not all the time, seeing as how WordPress private posts are wonderful for internal corporate communications, restricted content, and documentation that regular customers might not need to see. Private WordPress posts lock  all unauthorized users out of that content. Only certain logged-in users can navigate to the post and view whats on it.An advantage of a private WordPress post is the power you have when granting user access. For instance, you dont need to let all users see the post. If you have a blog post with SEO guidelines for your writers, you might restrict entry for those who arent listed as Authors.The proc ess is simple for creating private posts. So, well walk through a tutorial on making a post private, right after explaining some of the instances where WordPress private posts can come in handy.Some situations where WordPress private posts come in handyHere are some situations where private posts can be helpful:For a product or service launch One of the advantages of a private post or page is that it still gets published. Since several stakeholders are often involved with new ideas and product launches, it makes sense to place the post in a live environment, while also locking out all guests. The admins have full control over which stakeholders see the private page.For content or design tweaks Although a sandbox setting is the preferred method for developers, many bloggers enjoy publishing posts and formatting articles with a live post. Theres no need to hit the Preview button, and it gives you a real-world test into how content appears. Not only that, but you can run the content by your editors in that published form.For an exclusive community Some forums and membership communities are private because of exclusivity. Others involve special people in an organization.For internal training and reference pages This is one of the most common ways to use WordPress private posts. A writing guide, customer support training module, or something of the sort, doesnt need the highest security. However, website visitors dont need to see this information.For a private blog Some folks like to journal without the pressure of other people seeing it. A private WordPress post gives you an official publication atmosphere as opposed to previewing the post and storing it as a draft. In addition, it still gives you the option to share posts with friends or family.Specialized content You may want to lock content thats reserved for special users. Although its entirely possible to share private posts with specific user groups, your  best bet is to go with a content gateway plu gin or membership site. Think of the private post option as the poor mans content gate.Are private posts a good option for sensitive information?By default, anyone with a user role of Editor or Administrator can see all the private posts on your site. They also have control over changing the privacy settings. Keep this in mind when working in an environment with multiple editors or admins. There might be someone who shouldnt be reading the private post, or they may accidentally  (or purposefully) make the post public without you knowing.Furthermore, private posts arent ironclad safes. I dont recommend publishing any sensitive information using WordPress private posts. For instance, lawyers and real estate agents shouldnt publish contracts. Similarly, eCommerce companies should avoid publishing any customer information.Overall, private posts generate hidden parts of your website not completely protected parts. Its more of an advantage when youd like to not bother users, while stil l maintaining a fluid work environment.Are the images in private posts still private?All images are technically available to the public, even when you publish them as part of private posts. Anyone can obtain these images if they have the image URL. Although its not probable, its certainly possible. Finally, all Authors on your site can view the images in the media library.How to create private posts in WordPressCertain user roles can view and edit private posts. These roles include:Administrator Can view, create, edit, and delete any private post, regardless of who made it.Editor Can view, create, edit, and delete any private post, regardless of who made it.Author Can view, create, edit, and delete  their own posts. Authors cannot view or edit private posts created by other users, though.Step 1: Create a new post/page or edit an old oneIm sure most people know how to add or edit a post, but I wanted to let you know that its possible to make a private post from a new one or one thats already published and public.Step 2: Edit the posts visibilityGo to the Publish module on your post.Find the Visibility section and click on the Edit link.Switch the Public radio button to the one that reads Private. Click on the OK button to lock it in.If this is a new post, click the Publish button. If its an old one, youll see the Update button.Step 3: Publish the post and check its privacyYou can test WordPress private posts by logging in as an Admin or Editor. If you see the Private: text before the title, only the Admin and Editors can see it.Your site will direct other users to a 404 page.Step 4: Share the post with certain user groups (optional) WP JV Post Reading Groups Author(s): Janos VerCurrent Version: 2.2Last Updated: December 28, 2018wp-jv-post-reading-groups.2.2.zip 80%Ratings 6,204Downloads 3.9.2Requires By default, only Admins and Editors can view private posts. However, if youd like to show your content to specific user groups (like family members or colleagues,) the  WP JV Post Reading plugin  helps you out with that.If youre a little bit more advanced in your WordPress knowledge, you can also use WordPress user roles and the User Role Editor plugin  to give additional user roles access to the read_private_posts and read_private_pages capabilities. This will allow those user roles to view private posts and pages, as well.Thats it! If you have any questions about WordPress private posts, share your thoughts in the comments. How to create #WordPress private posts + some cool things you can do with them

Free Essays on NGOs And The Development Of International Environmental Law

International Environmental Law NGOs and the development of international environmental law. -Whats their role? -Do they serve a useful purpose? -Whats the 'back sides'? Word count: 2188 1. Introduction The following paper examines the growing role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other non-state actors in the development of international environmental law. The most important functions within this role will be identified, characterized and critically discussed. Subsequently conclusions will be made on whether or not or to what degree these functions and this role serve a useful purpose. 2. The fundament Historically as well as theoretically, international law is centred around sovereign states. The main actors are states, each governing their own territory, and with the clear and fundamental rule deriving from the principle of state sovereignty, that the jurisdiction of each state is limited to their own territory. In the acknowledgment of the advantages and necessity of international cooperation when dealing with problems and concerns that goes beyond state boarders, the states have created a comprehensive international society with a vast number of inter-governmental bodies. However, the restrictions in the dealing with international issues that follow from the characteristics of the sovereign state has caused frustration and states have been said to be inefficient in the creation and development of international law and policy. In contrast to the states, the NGOs does not limit themselves to state boarders. Furthermore each NGO chooses its own area of interest and let the concern of other competing interests be up to other NGOs. The NGOs get their support from the public and corporations etc. who positively ‘vote’ for them by becoming a member of the organization or by in other ways giving financial support. As pointed out by A.D. Tarlock the NGOs â€Å"fill out a niche in international law... Free Essays on NGOs And The Development Of International Environmental Law Free Essays on NGOs And The Development Of International Environmental Law International Environmental Law NGOs and the development of international environmental law. -Whats their role? -Do they serve a useful purpose? -Whats the 'back sides'? Word count: 2188 1. Introduction The following paper examines the growing role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other non-state actors in the development of international environmental law. The most important functions within this role will be identified, characterized and critically discussed. Subsequently conclusions will be made on whether or not or to what degree these functions and this role serve a useful purpose. 2. The fundament Historically as well as theoretically, international law is centred around sovereign states. The main actors are states, each governing their own territory, and with the clear and fundamental rule deriving from the principle of state sovereignty, that the jurisdiction of each state is limited to their own territory. In the acknowledgment of the advantages and necessity of international cooperation when dealing with problems and concerns that goes beyond state boarders, the states have created a comprehensive international society with a vast number of inter-governmental bodies. However, the restrictions in the dealing with international issues that follow from the characteristics of the sovereign state has caused frustration and states have been said to be inefficient in the creation and development of international law and policy. In contrast to the states, the NGOs does not limit themselves to state boarders. Furthermore each NGO chooses its own area of interest and let the concern of other competing interests be up to other NGOs. The NGOs get their support from the public and corporations etc. who positively ‘vote’ for them by becoming a member of the organization or by in other ways giving financial support. As pointed out by A.D. Tarlock the NGOs â€Å"fill out a niche in international law...

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Communication - Essay Example Adolf Hitler, Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama are these leaders. Their speeches inspired people, moved people and united their nations, both for good and bad reasons. This paper will examine the speech styles of the three leaders as they accept their wins in their respective national elections. Adolf Hitler is a very passionate man, and it is evident in his speeches. His acceptance speech is quite moving, and as a non-German speaker, I even find myself nodding to his speech. Although we know how Hitler was tyrannical, listening to his speech is totally a different experience. His speech is very inspiring and hopeful. It gives the audience a sense of power and strength when they hear Hitler’s acceptance speech. They can identify with him because of the passion that’s evident in the manner of Hitler’s delivery. Hitler’s speech, as some people put it, comes straight from the heart and people sense this sincerity. This makes them believe his words. Hitler’s stance may be very aggressive and antagonistic but his speech inspires a sense of triumph on their part because of the strength that he gives the words he speaks. Hitler discredits his enemies too and gives quite logical explanations for his actions, making people believe that he is doing something that’s actually going to make Germany power to be reckoned with. Another leader that’s quite famous for his speech is Ronald Reagan. He is one of the most endeared Republicans, and it is not a secret that even hard core Democrats voted for him. His speech is largely to be credited for that. Unlike Hitler, Reagan’s speech style is more docile, but like Hitler’s, it is hopeful and antagonistic. The antagonistic part can be later seen in his later speeches (take note of the famous Reagan-words like â€Å"evil empire†) but then this facet of him as a speaker is also attributed to his honesty. He is named as

What is the greatest challenge or obstacle you've confronted What are Essay

What is the greatest challenge or obstacle you've confronted What are the ways in which you have handled it How did it change you - Essay Example The initial response to this challenge was the usual crying and falling back on at least the comfort of hearing the familiar voices of my family through frequent telephone calls. This went on for some time and then I started realizing that I was falling in arrears of all that I needed to do at college, because of this obsession with home and the sorry state I was in away from home. I needed to do something about it. I observed that the times when I felt the worst was when I did nothing other than sit and mope about home. So I decided to steep myself in activities indoors with my studies and outdoors in extracurricular activities. My increased effort in my studies saw the return of good grades, my confidence in my academic abilities and smiles from my tutors and professors. However, it was from my extra curricular activities that I learnt a lot that made me a changed person. I had to interact with a lot of individuals from differing backgrounds and countries in the course of my extra curricular activities. This resulted in me realizing that there was more to the world than the four walls of my home. There was a lot to be learnt from interacting with individuals other than my family and developing healthy relationships with them. New perceptions of the world and life emerged from such relationships bringing among other things happiness into my life. I realized that I had missed a lot by limiting myself to my family and the environments of my home. By the end of the first term at college, I was no longer homesick and starting to enjoy my experiences in this new world I had found. College life away from home has changed me. I no longer fear an environment away from home and family. I am no longer reluctant to meet others. I enjoy interacting with others and sharing thoughts and ideas. I have become more adventurous willing to give new activities a try to see if they suit me. In all I believe my two years at college, away from home, has made me a

Data Mining techniques

Data Mining techniques ABSTRACT Competitive advantage requires abilities. Abilities are built through knowledge. Knowledge comes from data. The process of extracting knowledge from data is called Data Mining. Data mining, the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases, is advance technique to help companies to highlight the most important information in their data warehouses. Data mining tools predicts future trends and behaviors. Data mining tools can answer business questions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. Data Mining techniques can be implemented rapidly on existing software and hardware platforms to enhance the value of existing information resources, and can be integrated with new products and system as they are brought online. A Data warehouse is a platform that contains all of an organizations data in one place in a centralized and normalized form for deployment to users, to fulfill simple reporting to complicated analysis, decision support and executive level reporting/archiving needs. Physically, a data warehouse is a repository of information that businesses need to thrive in the information age. Analytically, a data warehouse is a modern reporting environment that provides users direct access to their data. In the information age, data warehousing is a powerful strategic weapon. Not only does it let organizations compete across time, it is also a rising tide strategy that can elevate the strategic acumen of all employees in a fields. This paper presents an overview of the data mining and warehousing, their basic definitions, how they are implemented and their pros and cons. DATA WAREHOUSING In todays competitive global business environment, it is crucial for organisations to understand and manage enterprise wide information for making timely decisions and respond to changing business conditions. With the receding economy, enterprises have changed their business focus towards customer orientation to remain competitive. Consequently, CRM tops their agenda and many companies are realizing the business advantage of leveraging one of their key assets data. Many research reports indicate that the amount of data in a given organization doubles every five years. As said earlier, the most fundamental aspect affecting the successful functioning of a business enterprise is the crucial decisions taken in this regard by the management. The cardinal entity that helps them in taking these decisions is the business critical information. This information can only be reliable and accurate if all the business related data is properly analyzed and further a thorough analysis is only possible if all the data affecting the enterprise is present at one place. The solution a data warehouse! Data Warehouse is a single, complete consistent store of data obtained from a variety of different sources made available to end users in what they can understand use in a business context. Today, data warehousing is one of the most talked-about business technologies in the corporate world. DATA MINING Data mining is a powerful new technology with great potential to help companies focus on the most important information in the data they have collected about the behavior of their customers and potential customers. It discovers information within the data that queries and reports cant effectively reveal. The amount of raw data stored in corporate databases is exploding. From trillions of point-of-sale transactions and credit card purchases to pixel-by-pixel images of galaxies, databases are now measured in gigabytes and terabytes. Raw data by itself, however, does not provide much information. In todays fiercely competitive business environment, companies need to rapidly turn these terabytes of raw data into significant insights into their customers and markets to guide their marketing, investment. Fig: Data Explosion Data mining, or knowledge discovery, is the computer-assisted process of digging through and analyzing enormous sets of data and then extracting the meaning of the data. Data mining tools predict behaviors and future trends, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Data mining tools can answer business questions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. They scour databases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information that experts may miss because it lies outside their expectations. Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable ore. Both processes require either sifting through an immense amount of material, or intelligently probing it to find where the value resides. Frequently, the data to be mined is first extracted from an enterprise data warehouse into a data mining database or data mart .The data mining database may be a logical rather than a physical subset of your data warehouse. DATA WAREHOUSING 1. DEFINITION: A data warehousing (DW) is a subject-oriented, integrated, time variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making. A data warehouse is a relational database management system (RDMS) which offer organizations the ability to gather and store enterprise information in a single conceptual enterprise repository and is designed specifically to meet the needs of transaction processing systems. Data Warehousing deals with the organizing collecting data into database that can be searched mined for information through the use of intelligence solution. 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF A DATA WAREHOUSE 1) Subject-oriented The data in the database is organized so that all the data elements relating to the same real-world event or object are linked together; 2) Time-variant The changes to the data in the database are tracked and recorded so that reports can be produced showing changes over time; 3) Non-volatile Data in the database is never over-written or deleted once committed, the data is static, read-only, but retained for future reporting; and 4) Integrated The database contains data from most or all of an organizations operational applications, and that this data is made consistent. 3. ARCHITECTURE OF DATA WAREHOUSE The architecture for a data warehouse is given below. Building this architecture requires four basic steps: 1) Data are extracted from the various and internal source system files and databases. In a large organization there may be dozens or even hundreds of such files and databases. 2) The data from the various source systems are transformed and integrated before being loaded into the data warehouse. Transactions may be sent to the sources system to correct errors discover in data staging. 3) The data warehouse is a database organized for decision support. It contains both detailed and summary data. 4) User access the data warehouse by means of a variety of query languages and analytical tools. Results (e.g. prediction, forecast ) may be fed back to data ware house and operational databases. Information integrated in advance Stored in warehouse for direct querying and analysis Fig: Architecture of typical data warehouse ,and the querying and data-analysis support Architecture in Conceptual View Single-layer Every data element is stored once only Virtual warehouse Two-layer Real-time + derived data Most commonly used approach in industry today Three-layer transformation of real-time data to derived data really requires 2 steps 4. ISSUES IN BUILDING A WAREHOUSE 1) When and how gather data In a source driven architecture for gathering data, there data sources transmit new information. In a destination -driven architecture, the data warehouse periodically sends request for new data to the data source . 2) What Schema To Use Data sources that have been constructed independently are likely to have different schemas, part of data warehouse is schema integration, and to convert data to the integrated schema before they are stored .as a result data stored in warehouse are not just a copy of the data at the source 3) Data Cleansing The task of correcting and preprocessing data is called data cleansing data sources often deliver data with numerous minor inconsistencies that can be corrected. 4) How To Propagate Updates Updates on relations at the data sources must be propagated to data warehouse, if the relations at the data warehouse are exactly the same as those data source, propagation is straightforward 5) What To Summarize The data generated by the transaction-processing system may be too large to store online .we can maintain summary of data obtained by aggregation on a relation. 5. DATA WAREHOUSE MODEL Data warehousing is the process of extracting and transforming operational data into informational data and loading it into a central data store or warehouse. Once the data is loaded it is accessible via desktop query and analysis tools by the decision makers. The data warehouse model is illustrated in the following figure:. The materialized views contain summary data compiled from several data sources. The auxiliary views in the picture are not mandatory, and are used to contain additional information needed to support the synchronization of the materialized views with the data sources. Fig: Data ware house model The data within the actual warehouse itself has a distinct structure with the emphasis on different levels of summarization as shown in the figure below. Fig: Structure of data warehouse 6. STAGES IN IMPLEMENTATION A DW implementation requires the integration of implementation of many products. Following are the steps of implementation:- Step1: Collect and analyze the business requirements. Step2: Create a data model and physical design for the DW. Step3: Define the Data sources. Step4: Choose the DBMS and software platform for DW. Step5: Extract the data from the operational data sources, transfer it, clean it load into the DW model or data mart. Step6: Choose the database access and reporting tools. Step7: Choose the database connectivity software. Step8: Choose the data analysis and presentation software. Step9: Keep refreshing the data warehouse periodically. 7. DATA MARTS A data warehouse is the sum of all its data marts. A data mart is a complete pie-wedge of the overall data warehouse pie, a restriction of the data warehouse to a single business process or to a group of related business processes targeted toward a particular business group. Data marts can be customized for the end users ,and can present data in different formats for the end-users benefit. Data marts can employ OLAP , which is a method of database indexing that enhances quick access to data, specially in queries of data or viewing the data from many different aspects. DATA MINING 1. DEFINITION Data Mining, or Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) as it is also known, is the nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data. Data mining refers to using a variety of techniques to identify nuggets of information or decision-making knowledge in bodies of data, and extracting these in such a way that they can be put to use in the areas such as decision support, prediction, forecasting and estimation. The data is often voluminous, but as it stands of low value as no direct use can be made of it; it is the hidden information in the data that is useful. A data mining is also defined as A new discipline lying at the interface of statistics, data base technology, pattern recognition, and machine learning, and concerned with secondary analysis of large data bases in order to find previously unsuspected relationships, which are of interest of value to their owners. 2. PROCESS The data mining process can be divided into four steps: Data Selection Data Processing Data Transformation Data Mining Interpretation Evaluation Fig: Process used in data mining 3. WORKING While large-scale information technology has been evolving separate transaction and analytical systems, data mining provides the link between the two. Data mining software analyzes relationships and patterns in stored transaction data based on open-ended user queries. Several types of analytical software are available: statistical, machine learning, and neural networks. Generally, any of four types of relationships are sought: Classes: Stored data is used to locate data in predetermined groups. For example, a restaurant chain could mine customer purchase data to determine when customers visit and what they typically order. This information could be used to increase traffic by having daily specials. Clusters: Data items are grouped according to logical relationships or consumer preferences. For example, data can be mined to identify market segments or consumer affinities. Associations: Data can be mined to identify associations. The beer-diaper example is an example of associative mining. Sequential patterns: Data is mined to anticipate behavior patterns and trends. For example, an outdoor equipment retailer could predict the likelihood of a backpack being purchased based on a consumers purchase of sleeping bags and hiking shoes. 4. MODELS RELATED TO DATA MINING There are two types of model or modes of operation, which may be used to discover information of interest to the user. 1) Verification Model: The verification model takes input from the user and tests the validity of it against the data. The emphasis is with the user who is responsible for formulating the hypothesis and issuing the query on the data to affirm or negate the hypothesis. 2) Discovery Model: The discovery model differs in its emphasis in that it is the system automatically discovering important information hidden in the data. The data is sifted in search of frequently occurring patterns, trends and generalizations about the data without intervention or guidance from the user. 5. TECHNIQUES USED IN DATA MINING Artificial neural networks: Non-linear predictive models that learn through training and resemble biological neural networks in structure. Decision trees: Tree-shaped structures that represent sets of decisions. These decisions generate rules for the classification of a dataset. Specific decision tree methods include Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID). Genetic algorithms: Optimization techniques that use processes such as genetic combination, mutation, and natural selection in a design based on the concepts of evolution. Nearest neighbor method: A technique that classifies each record in a dataset based on a combination of the classes of the k record(s) most similar to it in a historical dataset (where k  ³ 1). Sometimes called the k-nearest neighbor technique. Rule induction: The extraction of useful if-then rules from data based on statistical significance. 6. TWO STYLES OF DATA MINING There are two styles of data mining. Directed data mining is a top-down approach, used when we know what we are looking for. This often takes the form of predictive modeling, where we know exactly what we want to predict. Undirected data mining is a bottom-up approach that lets the data speak for itself. Undirected data mining finds patterns in the data and leaves it up to the user to determine whether or not these patterns are important. 7. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS Data mining has many and varied fields of application some of which are listed below. Marketing: Identify buying patterns from customers Market basket analysis. Banking: Detect patterns of fraudulent credit card use Identify `loyal customers. Insurance and Health Care: Claims analysis, Predict which customers will buy new policies Identify fraudulent behavior. Transportation: Determine the distribution schedules Analyze loading patterns. CONCLUSION: Organizations today are under tremendous pressure to compete in an environment of tight deadlines and reduced profits. Legacy business processes that require data to be extracted and manipulated prior to use will no longer be acceptable. Instead, enterprises need rapid decision support based on the analysis and forecasting of predictive behavior. Data-warehousing and data-mining techniques provide this capability. A data warehouse is a modern reporting environment that provides users direct access to their data. A Data warehousing is the sum of all its Data Marts. Data warehousing strategy allows organizations to move from a defensive to an offensive decision-making position. The purpose of data warehouse is to consolidate and integrate data from a variety of sources and to format those data in a context for making accurate business decisions. Data mining offers firms in many industries the ability to discover hidden patterns in their data patterns that can help them understand customer behavior and market trends. The advent of parallel processing and new software technology enable customers to capitalize on the benefits of data mining more effectively than had been possible previously. REFERENCES 1) www.geekinterview.com/Interview-Questions/Data-Warehouse 2) www.datawarehousing.com/ 3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse 4) www.megaputer.com 5) www.research.microsoft.com